Ted Bundy On Screen :

La conducta criminal parte 3

Tal vez una de las teorías más controversiales sea el factor genético, pues esta afirma que existen sujetos predestinados al delito, dejando de lado el libre albedrio que es inherente al ser humano; a pesar de que estas hipótesis ya se contemplaban desde la aparición de las teorías de Darwin y Lombroso, lo cierto es que algunos estudios realizados recientemente pueden demostrar la existencia de sujetos con mayores tendencias a delinquir que otros. Patricia Jacobs realizo una investigación en un hospital donde descubrió que ciertos delincuentes varones presentaban un doble cromosoma Y, dando como resultado un XYY, lo que se conoce como el síndrome del “súper-macho genético”, también se concluyo que estos sujetos provenían de familias con historial de delincuencia o enfermedades mentales 5.

Existen otros estudios realizados en personas amantes de los deportes extremos, los cuales sugieren que el buscar vivir emociones fuertes es heredable en un 59%, esto debido a un gen portador del cromosoma 11 que influye en la dopamina, este neurotransmisor es el causante de que algunos individuos sientan placer ante una situación eufórica. Así también se ha intentado descubrir los genes que causan la esquizofrenia, el autismo, la adición y la hiperactividad infantil 5.

Los golpes o traumas cerebrales también son otro factor de riesgo, Alan Rosembaum realizo un experimento con hombres los cuales habían reportado maltrato con sus parejas, al estudiarlos descubrió que el 50% de los agresores había sufrido algún daño en la cabeza durante su infancia. Por otra parte Antonio Damasio sugiere que los daños asociados específicamente en el lóbulo frontal, pueden evitar que una persona forme evaluaciones de ideas de valores positivos y negativos 2.

Un caso interesante tal vez sea la investigación que realizo Pamela Blake, la cual  al estudiar el caso de 31 asesinos de diversos tipos (asesinos seriales, violadores, asesinos en masa, infanticidas) descubrió que en 20 de esos casos todos tenían un daño cerebral de algún tipo; ya sea síndrome fetal alcohólico, retardo mental, lesiones cerebrales, psicosis, epilepsia etc. Un 64.5% mostro anomalías en el lóbulo frontal y un 29% padecía defectos del lóbulo temporal; no obstante su estudio también concluyo que el 83.3% había sufrido algún abuso en la infancia, y que el 32.3% fue abusado sexualmente 2.

(extracto de un ensayo escolar sobre la conducta criminal)

2- Psicología científica (2004), consultado el 12 de marzo del 2018 de http://www.psicologiacientifica.com/psicologia-forense-conducta-criminal/

5- Aróstegui, J. (2018), La biología humana y la conducta criminal, recuperado el 14 de marzo del 2018 de https://www.academia.edu/5887501/Biolog%C3%ADa_de_la_Conducta_criminal.

La conducta criminal parte 6

Para concluir pondré un ejemplo de un caso hipotético; un niño nace en una familia donde ambos padres vienen de un nivel socioeconómico bajo, el padre tiene problemas con el alcohol y antecedentes criminales, la madre no tuvo los cuidados adecuados durante el embarazo, el chico crece en este medio sin muchas oportunidades, el padre con regularidad lo golpea cuando llega borracho a la casa producto del estrés, en uno de esos golpes lo llega a lastimar en la cabeza; la madre no pasa tiempo con él pues trabaja para poder traer dinero a la casa, el joven crece teniendo como única compañía a los amigos que se ha hecho en el barrio los cuales le enseñan malos hábitos como a consumir droga y meterse en peleas; el joven ya en la adolescencia deja la escuela por mala conducta y bajas calificaciones, embaraza a su novia por falta de educación, esa misma falta de educación lo lleva a tener un trabajo donde no recibe mucho dinero; se hace adicto producto del estrés de su vida y comienza a ser violento con su ahora familia, fantasea con tener una vida de lujos como las serie de narcotraficantes que ve en televisión; desesperado por su situación comienza a robar casas para poder sacar más dinero, en una ocasión lo descubren y tiene una pelea en donde mata al dueño de la casa, es arrestado y deja sola a su familia e hijo quien probablemente tenga su mismo destino. ¿Cuál fue la causa que lo llevo a convertirse en un criminal?

 En el caso hipotético anterior es difícil de decir, existen factores tanto biológicos, como psicológicos y sociales que lo pudieron llevar a esa vida, al final fue una combinación de todas estas. Estudiar la conducta criminal y los orígenes de esta es complicado, pues a diferencia de las ciencias exactas, el ser humano no funciona por medio de una ecuación que se repite de la misma manera en todos los casos; si, es verdad que existen factores biológicos de la conducta, pero estos no van a determinar al 100% que una persona se convierta en criminal, pues el crimen al final de cuentas es una construcción social.

 El que un sujeto se convierta en delincuente será por causas de muchos factores, no obstante el ser humano es impredecible y nunca se puede tener un control absoluto de todos estos factores, un joven que nace en un nivel socioeconómico alto puede crecer en un ambiente carente de afecto, así también un joven con familia criminal y pobre, puede salir adelante si este se empeña en seguir una educación. Metafóricamente somos como un juego de naipes, en el que al principio de la partida se nos asigna una serie de cartas que las iremos jugando como se vaya desarrollando el juego.

 Tal vez sea una utopía pensar en poder prevenir cualquier conducta criminal de forma absoluta, al final de cuantas el crimen es parte de la sociedad. No obstante el estudio de la conducta criminal permite darnos cuenta de que hay factores causales que se repiten; conocerlos nos puede ayudar a disminuir el problema de la criminalidad, ya sea implementando programas de prevención, mejorando la educación, reduciendo la pobreza, mejorando los programas de salud que permitan atender problemas de forma más accesible etc. este es un campo del cual aun se puede descubrir mucho.

(extracto de un ensayo escolar sobre la conducta criminal)

Gente, acabo de terminar de ver esta serie documental y la recomiendo totalmente, dejen lo que estén haciendo y vayan a verla.

Vicente Garrido: “El asesino múltiple quiere matar y al mismo tiempo morir”

Hay sucesos que por mucho que pase el tiempo nunca se olvidarán. Sin ir más lejos, ¿quién no se acuerda del piloto suicida de Germanwings? Ya han pasado casi cuatro años desde que Andreas Lubitz...

Haber columbiners chutenze este articulo 

En la Mente Criminal : Trailer Subtitulado en Español l Netflix

Temporada 1 Disponible el 31 de Agosto https://www.netflix.com/title/80185065 No te olvides de suscribir al Canal si eres Nuevo aquí: https://goo.gl/kGv6wL S...

Gente, les recomiendo esta serie que se acaba de estrenar en Netflix Latinoamerica, que trata sobre psicología criminal; en cada capítulo se habla sobre el perfil psicológico de diferentes tipos de delincuentes divididos por el tipo de crimen que cometieron, asesinos seriales, secuestradores, lideres de cultos, capos de la mafia, etc. 

verdad o mentira, esto es lo que parte de la población piensa de sus instituciones. 

créditos al usuario original “Miguel Cobian”

vídeo de Nikolas Cruz hablando con su hermano

gracias a “J Peralta” por subirlo y los subtitulos

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoNIiIi3bsRCGBgIiIqe68Q

What is Schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia is a long term mental illness that is characterised by a variety of symptoms that are high in severity such as hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that are not there), muddled thinking patterns (trouble with connecting thoughts or pausing whilst explaining something) and delusions (inaccurate beliefs that are deemed abnormal and are persistent),  it can often result in frequent changes of moods - all of this has often led to a stigmatisation of the illness and a belief that those who suffer from it can potentially be dangerous or violent, but this is a mere stereotype and when violent behaviour is displayed by those with the illness, this is often caused by other external factors such as intoxication and will often be inflicted on the individual themselves.

There are two categories often used to describe the symptoms of schizophrenia: positive and negative. Now, in everyday life these terms are often used interchangeably with ‘good’ and ‘bad’ - but in psychology they are used to describe when something, like a behaviour is added (positive) and when something is taken away or reduced. So positive symptoms appear due to the schizophrenia and negative symptoms are behaviours/thoughts that are reduced due to the schizophrenia

Positive symptoms: having visual or auditory hallucinations, believing the government (or other) are after you, a distrust in others, irrational beliefs (thought disorders), long pauses

Negative symptoms: a lack of motivation, a lack of interest in activities and everyday life, a lessened experience of emotion, problems with memory, reduced movement 

What causes schizophrenia?

As with all illnesses and disorders, it is impossible to come up with a definitive cause for schizophrenia and is likely a combination of multiple interacting factors. A few examples are:

Genes: There is a significant trend that shows how schizophrenia tends to run in families, the percentage of individuals who develop the illness increases from 1% in the general population too 10% if they have an intermediate relative with it. This in increases to roughly 40-65% in MZ (identical) twins whom share 100% of their DNA. 

Biological: it may be that those with schizophrenia have an imbalance of brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) such as dopamine. Additionally, there may be a difference in brain structure, these ideas are still being researched.

Environment: Of course, the concordance rate for schizophrenia or any illness with never be 100% because there is no one cause, this leads scientists to believe that genetic or biological factors may interact with the environment to cause the illness. Environmental factors are anything that happens to us or that we experience externally, this could be things such as trauma, malnutrition as a child or birth complications as well as drug induced psychosis.

Treatments:

Community Health Teams: made up of professionals such as social workers, mental health nurses, psychiatrists, psychologists etc. that are tailored to the individual and will support them in living their everyday life independently.

Antipsychotics: they block the transmission of the neurotransmitter dopamine, reducing the levels of it within the brain as too high levels have been associated with the symptoms experienced by schizophrenics. 

Therapy/psychological treatment: therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy and art therapy are commonly used to help with the psychological, cognitive and emotional aspects of the illness.

The debate:

Psychologists are still debating today whether schizophrenia is one illness itself of a combination of symptoms caused by a range of illnesses, and whether it should be a diagnosis or whether the symptoms should be focused on individually. Regardless of this debate, individuals are still diagnosed with it and so it is important to raise awareness for those who have to live with the diagnosis.

I would absolutely love to go more in depth on the variations of schizophrenia and the research behind it in the future - expect more! But, for now this was just a broad summary of the illness and its symptoms, I hope the information is useful. If you believe you or someone you know may experience the symptoms described, I encourage you to seek professional support and to know that you are not alone, schizophrenia impacts over 21 million people globally.

La conducta criminal parte 1

¿Qué es un criminal además de un sujeto que no funciona en sociedad? Se puede abrir este ensayo lanzando esta pregunta, pues no se puede hablar de crimen sin hablar de la sociedad, después de todo, los seres humanos estamos sometidos a una serie de normas y leyes que nos permiten convivir los unos con los otros, pero ¿Qué pasa cuando algún sujeto rompe este contrato social?

El sujeto criminal ha sido objeto de estudio atreves de los años, dicho estudio comenzó a tener mayor profundidad en el siglo XIX y XX con el inicio de la “escuela positivista” y el estudio de la “antropología criminal” de Cesar Lombroso, el cual definía al criminal como “un ser esencialmente distinto al resto de los mortales […] que desde su fisionomía podía ser reconocido” 1. Así nace el estudio de la criminología, con la cual “el crimen no va a ser asumido como manifestación de la libertad cuando el ser humano elige el mal pudiendo escoger el bien, sino como el resultado de un cumulo de circunstancias que fuerzan a un hombre a obrar de manera contraria a lo que se considera socialmente deseable” 1.

Con este nuevo enfoque de estudiar este cumulo de circunstancia nacerá la “escuela criminal positivista” liderada por Enrico Ferri y Raffaele Garofalo, la cual estudia la criminalidad desde 3 puntos, el psicológico, el social y el biológico. Garofalo “describe los aspectos psicológicos que permiten reconocer al criminal como un anormal, ya que carece de los sentimientos morales que son la base para la vida en sociedad”1; por su parte Ferri expresa “El medio social, pues, da la forma al delito, que tiene su base en el factor biológico”1.

El debate filosófico para tratar de dilucidar si el hombre es bueno por naturaleza pero la sociedad lo corrompe o por otra parte como propuso Lombroso, un sujeto puede nacer siendo criminal, aun continua vigente hasta nuestros días. Esto ha llevado a que el crimen sea estudiado desde muchas perspectivas; actualmente con el avance de la ciencia y la tecnología varias teorías he hipótesis han surgido para poder darle explicación a este sujeto que se ha salidos del contrato social.

(extracto de un ensayo escolar sobre la conducta criminal)

1.    Gallo, H. (2007) El sujeto criminal, una aproximación psicoanalítica al crimen como objeto social, Editorial Universidad de Antioquia: Medellin, Paginas 12, 13, 14.

What Happens When You Die: Four Stages of Human Decomposition

What Happens When You Die: Four Stages of Decomposition

Have you ever wondered what happens the moment you die? Not where you go in the afterlife or how your body will be handled, but have you ever wondered what happens internally? Around four minutes after your heart fails to pump oxygen to the rest of your body, it begins to self destruct. This method of self destruction is universal in its stages and in its purpose; it has no bias of character or of monetary status. Without this process of death and decay, life would cease to exist.

Stage One: Autolysis (Self-Ingestion)

Autolysis begins the moment your circulatory system and respiratory system cease to pump blood to your muscles. Without oxygen being pumped into your cells, excess carbon dioxide begins to cause cell membranes to become acidic. Once these cells rupture, they release a digestive enzyme that begins to consume your cells from the inside out.

Rigor Mortis begins generally within an hour or two after death and lasts for around 24 hours. Rigor Mortis occurs when lactic acid buildup in the muscles causes them to stiffen at unnatural angles, a lot of times defying gravity. Small blisters filled with nutrient-rich fluid form on internal organs and under the surface of the skin. When these rupture, it causes the body to form a shiny or sweaty appearance. The body begins to cool at the time of death and slowly drops an average of 1.5 degrees an hour, pending on environmental factors. Within 24 hours, the body will be the same temperature as its surrounding environment.

Fact: In cases of violent or traumatic deaths, lactic acid is built up in such high amounts in the muscles that rigor mortis can occur at the exact moment of death. For example, if someone dies from drowning in a lake, they may still be clutching a chunk of grass from trying to grab onto the bank at the moment of their death.

Livor Mortis causes areas of the body exposed to external pressure such as gravity to turn a reddish-purple color. Tardieu spots form in these areas as well due to increased pressure. These spots often resemble traumatic hemorrhaging but are a normal part of the decomposition process.

Fact: If a body is moved after death and the livor mortis is on the wrong area of the body, investigators can determine that the body was moved after death. For example, if someone died laying on their stomach, livor mortis would turn the abdomen the reddish-purple color. If someone moved the body after death and flipped them onto their back, it would show that the blood pooled in a way that would defy gravity, showing that the body was moved unnaturally.

At this point, purge fluid is often leaked through the nasal cavity from internal gases building up in the abdomen. Despite this resembling a traumatic death, it is a natural step in human decomposition. Depending on the amount of stomach contents that are left in the body, it generally takes half an hour up to six hours for the body to finish digesting and eliminating the waste from the body.

After about 24 to 26 hours the abdomen begins to turn a greenish color that generally begins in the lower quadrant of the abdomen near the pubic area. Right around this time, bloating begins to take form within the abdominal cavity due to bacterial gas build up that causes the body to bloat and change form almost to the point of the corpse’s race being undistinguishable.

In step three, or active decay, the skin begins to slip from the body in a process known as “degloving.” Degloving happens when the top layer of skin pulls away from the muscle and essentially falls off. When bodies are at this stage of decomposition and the skin makes it impossible to pull fingerprints, morticians will often slip the skin of the patient over their own fingers and extract DNA prints this way. As the body is going through active decay, internal organs and external tissues begin to liquefy and seep through open orifices on the body. Dawnie Wolfe Steadman, director of the Forensic Anthropology Center at University of Tennessee Knoxville, claims that the main cause for the large amount of tissue loss during active decay is because of fly maggots that feast on bacteria and tissues.

Did you know that a body decomposing in water decomposes at a much slower rate than a body that is exposed to air? The slowest rate of decomposition is a body that has been preserved with formaldehyde and buried in the ground, similar to American funeral customs. A body that is submerged in water while going through active decay will have a wax-like appearance that replaces the normal look of external tissues. However, the tissues of a body that decomposes in a warm and humid environment will have external tissues that have completely dried out; the body will essentially mummify itself. In cases where a person dies in a traumatic way and is mummified from external factors, any wounds they received before and after death will be preserved, though distorted in size and shape.

After soft tissues are consumed by maggots, the corpse is partially skeletonized but the tougher soft tissues like cartilage still remain. Once beetles consume the cartilage, ligaments, and tendons the final stage of decomposition begins.

Skeletal decay is the process of the surrounding environment breaking down the remainder of the body for fertilization for future plants and life. Bones generally disintegrate with time if they are subjected to a constant flow of water, gnawed on by scavengers or any other external forces that have the ability to erode them.

Did you know that the “decomposition smell” you smell when coming across an animal carcass is actually caused by a mix of gases called putrescine and cadaverine that is caused when amino acids within the body begin to break down? Although seemingly harmless, if you are in a closed environment with a corpse, these gases have the ability to compete with or displace the oxygen within your body.

A University of Kent psychologist and Arkansas Tech University behavioral scientist hypothesize that the chemical putrescine creates a fight or flight response in humans due to it signaling in the brain as an olfactory threat. In the journal ‘Frontiers of Psychology,’ four different tests were published that proved exposure to putrescine elicited cognitive reactions, similar to escaping threats.

In the first trial done in this series of studies, 60 people were given the task to open a jar and sniff the contents inside. The control group smelled ammonia, a similarly pungent smell to putrescine and the rest of the test subjects were given putrescine. Afterward, the test subjects that were given the task of smelling putrescine reacted quicker to a red dot randomly presented on a screen in the lab; this indicates that the smell made these subjects more vigilant to their surroundings.

Two of these four tests were completed on a university campus when random people were stopped and asked to participate in a smell test. In the subjects that smelled putrescine, they walked away significantly faster than those that smelled ammonia or water. This experiment was timed with a hidden stopwatch.

In the fourth and final experiment, 65 people were asked to fill out a questionnaire that was slightly scented with either putrescine, water, or ammonia; the smell was faint enough that the subjects were unaware of the scent. The subjects were given an essay that was written by someone who didn’t share their views; in this particular case, the essay was written by a Middle-Eastern exchange student in the UK who criticized Western values and predicted their decline. They were then asked to fill out the questionnaire asking how likable the essay’s author was and whether or not his ideas should be publicized. The subjects that had papers scented with putrescine were significantly more hostile towards the foreign student than those with the ammonia soaked questionnaire. This suggests that subconsciously, the scent of putrescine elicited a subsconscious defensive response.

The scientists that ran this experiment hypothesize that the chemical compound in putrescine could serve as a warning signal in the brain that is the forefront of protective responses that help us protect ourselves from potential threats.

Cold Case Blogger