Writing an essay without any structure is like trying to find your way around an unfamiliar place without a map; frustrating, ineffective, and a bit of a garbled mess. Structure gives your essay a clear voice and coherency and makes marking a lot easier for your teacher or tutor! Here are a few general tips I often use when writing essays to maximise the effect of my argument and achieve the best results I can both in high school and university.
Text structure While the content of essays varies, the skeleton structure never changes. In order to clearly articulate an idea, an essay needs a beginning, middle, and an end.
Introduction
Start with a macro sentence - use an interesting quote, fact, or idea which gives the reader a broad sense of what your essay will cover. This is the reader’s first impression of your essay and can determine their whole attitude while reading it, so make it effective!
Briefly outline the main ideas and thesis - in absence of an abstract, your introduction will need to show the main ideas you will be covering so as to support your thesis, or answer the essay question. You will need to clearly express your position and how you intend to argue the point.
Set the limits - sometimes, the scope of an essay question can be very broad, or perhaps there’s a focus to your thesis not all ready indicated. Define the limits of your essay, whether they be a set of years for a history topic, or looking at specific artists who contributed to an art style.
Define key terms - if a term is important to the understanding of your essay, or perhaps you’ve taken your own approach to its meaning, be sure to define it in your introduction!
Body
Separate each idea into a paragraph - ideas can generally be separated chronologically or conceptually. The section below explores this in more detail!
Start every paragraph with a topic sentence - introduce what the paragraph will discuss and how it relates to your thesis. Signpost it with critical words to make it easier to understand exactly what you are addressing. Ensure it is clear and to the point!
Make a claim and the support it - like in reality, when you make a claim you need to provide evidence to support it so it can be taken seriously. Make your claim early on in the paragraph, generally in the topic sentence, give relevant detail and explanation, analyse it, and then justify it with authoritative quotes, sources, examples, etc.
End every paragraph with a linking sentence - refer back to your thesis or question and make sure what you set out to cover in the paragraph actually addresses it! This is an opportunity to draw a link between this paragraph and the next.
Conclusion
Do more than just restate your points - your conclusion is more than just a rehash of your introduction. Link ideas together and demonstrate how they are interconnected on a less superficial level. An English teacher once told me, your essay is like a mountain. You put in all your hard work to climb it in your introduction and body paragraphs, your conclusion is a chance to look back, make connections where there were none before, and solidify your argument.
Establish the overarching theme and idea - what idea underlies all the points you have made? How does it relate to your thesis?
Draw a profound and insightful conclusion - what are the implications of this? Is there relevance today? This can transform a standard essay into a more profound and overall, more interesting essay.
Don’t introduce any new information - your essay is complete! All your information should have been expressed in the body paragraphs, so nothing new should be introduced here.
Reaffirm your thesis - restate it with some finality! Your body has provided all this evidence to support it, remind them of this.
Chronological or Conceptual? For the most part, an essay can take one of two approaches; a chronological approach, where each body paragraph follows the text, history, etc., sequentially, or a conceptual approach, where the main idea is broken down into its constituent elements, each addressed in their own paragraph(s).
In my experience, conceptual essays usually score higher, showing a greater sense of understanding of the topic and its inner workings. You can demonstrate a funnel effect more easily, where each element funnels down from its body paragraph to the conclusion, contributing to the overall idea of the essay. A chronological approach, however, can be easier to follow and is occasionally implicit within the essay question. Choosing which approach to use depends on which you are comfortable writing with, the demands of the essay or your teacher, and can vary from essay to essay.
Continuity and Cohesion Something I think is highly underrated, yet critical to holding an essay together, is transition words and phrases. They create continuity and cohesion between ideas and paragraphs, and serve as a bridge of sorts within your overall structure. Here are a few posts which have comprehensive lists of transition words and phrases:
Transition Words for Essays - @staedtlers-and-stabilos Essay Transition Phrases - @study-like-you-mean-it Transition Words For Your Essays - @soniastudyblr
I hope this can help with structuring your essays and getting the best marks you can! Please message me if you have any questions :)
Other essay writing posts: How to reduce your word count Understanding the Question How to Write a Killer Unprepared Text Essay
I’ve said this to my non-techie friends countless times. It’s no secret that being able to code makes you a better job applicant, and a better entrepreneur. Hell, one techie taught a homeless man to code and now that man is making his first mobile application.
Learning to code elevates your professional life, and makes you more knowledgeable about the massive changes taking place in the technology sector that are poised to have an immense influence on human life.
(note: yes I realize that 3/5 of those links were Google projects)
But most folks are intimidated by coding. And it does seem intimidating at first. But peel away the obscurity and the difficulty, and you start to learn that coding, at least at its basic level, is a very manageable, learnable skill.
There are a lot of resources out there to teach you. I’ve found a couple to be particularly successful. Here’s my list of resources for learning to code, sorted by difficulty:
Novice
Never written a line of code before? No worries. Just visit one of these fine resources and follow their high-level tutorials. You won’t get into the nitty-gritty, but don’t worry about it for now:
Dash - by General Assembly
CodeAcademy
w3 Tutorials (start at HTML on the left sidebar and work your way down)
Intermediate
Now that you’ve gone through a handful of basic tutorials, it’s time to learn the fundamentals of actual, real-life coding problems. I’ve found these resources to be solid:
Khan Academy
CodeAcademy - Ruby, Python, PHP
Difficult
If you’re here, you’re capable of building things. You know the primitives. You know the logic control statements. You’re ready to start making real stuff take shape. Here are some different types of resources to turn you from someone who knows how to code, into a full-fledged programmer.
Programming problems
Sometimes, the challenges in programming aren’t how to make a language do a task, but just how to do the task in general. Like how to find an item in a very large, sorted list, without checking each element. Here are some resources for those types of problems
Talentbuddy
TopCoder
Web Applications
If you learned Python, Django is an amazing platform for creating quick-and-easy web applications. I’d highly suggest the tutorial - it’s one of the best I’ve ever used, and you have a web app up and running in less than an hour.
Django Tutorial
I’ve never used Rails, but it’s a very popular and powerful framework for creating web applications using Ruby. I’d suggest going through their guide to start getting down-and-dirty with Rails development.
Rails Guide
If you know PHP, there’s an ocean of good stuff out there for you to learn how to make a full-fledged web application. Frameworks do a lot of work for you, and provide quick and easy guides to get up and running. I’d suggest the following:
Cake PHP Book
Symfony 2 - Get Started
Yii PHP - The Comprehensive Guide
Conclusion
If there’s one point I wanted to get across, it’s that it is easier than ever to learn to code. There are resources on every corner of the internet for potential programmers, and the benefits of learning even just the basics are monumental.
If you know of any additional, great resources that aren’t listed here, please feel free to tweet them to me @boomeyer.
Best of luck!
I tried to scroll past this. I really did
we’ve all been there fam. in fact my previous semester was not great either – i got kicked out of my university’s honor program. You need a 3.5 cumulative GPA to stay in, and because of a lot of different circumstances, I finished out with a 3.48 – which is, frankly, better than i deserved. But this semester I’m gonna get a 4.0 and reapply. So here’s how ya do it.
1. have a good first day.
a big mistake is to go balls-to-the-wall discipline on your first day. Fuckin… relax, dude. Wake up as early as you need to be ready, but don’t push yourself to be up at 5am or anything like that. Set our your stuff the night before so you can have an easy morning. Treat yourself to a good breakfast or just get that fast food you’ve been craving for lunch. It’s really important not to stress yourself out too much, especially after your last semester kinda sucked, and it’s VERY important not to let yourself automatically associate school with negative emotions like fear and stress, because that will paralyze you down the line when things get more difficult closer to exam season, etc.
2. don’t be afraid to drop
when going to all your new classes, really seriously evaluate your ability to succeed in a class with that time slot/professor/etc. last semester I had a quantitative reasoning class that was part of our core curriculum – the professor was NOT good at their job, did not teach us the material, and frankly showing up to that class was a waste of my time. What i SHOULD have done was DROP THE DAMN CLASS the first week, and taken it the next semester with a better professor.
3. limit other activities at first
your first couple weeks of the new semester, cut back on other activities. I’m really active in political stuff going on around my city, and i’m on a leadership team for an organization that does that kind of stuff. I’ve let the team know that I’m not going to be participating, going to meetings, or ANYTHING for the next two weeks while my semester gets started. The reasons for this are many – it helps you get used to the pace of all your classes without being stressed out by other things, it helps you reorganize your priorities and put school first, and it also helps you build credit with your professors, so down the line if you’re having problems (like ‘oh SHIT i forgot this homework’ or ‘FUCK i don’t understand this project i need an extension’) they’ll be more likely to help you out, because they know you’ve been putting the effort in.
4. try out something new organizationally
if you’re like me, keeping track of assignments is really difficult. I lose papers all the damn time. So this semester I’ve bought one of those accordion file thingies – so I can keep all my papers in one place, while still having them separate and organized. Just remember, the strategy is only one part, but you’re responsible for sticking to it and making it work.
so there ya have it, friends. you’re ready to start this ‘recovery semester’ off with a bang. you can do it, and so can I!
Organization is hard for some and easy for others. I recommend having a planner of some sort, a folder, and pencil case, and some sort of system to stay organized.
You can use any type of planner. I Personally use a Bullet Journal style system in a dotted journal. But you can use a pre printed planner, your phone, a printable or some other form of planner, its up to you. Just have one and use it, write due dates, test/quiz dates, birthdays, holidays, and even your daily tasks. I wrote my work i got in class down as soon as i got it and if i finished it i crossed it out. I would write down websites and little notes to not forget things also. A place to put all of those random thoughts you have can reduce stress
This one seems like common sense but I will still address it because I personally know people who never turned things in and still expected the teacher to pass them. You cannot get a grade with out turning things in. If your teachers is fine with you turning it in late than turn it it. Anything is better than a zero in the grade book.
I get it, you think your smart enough or good enough or even afraid to ask questions. But teachers are paid to do just that. Their job is to teach you so if you are having trouble with something ask. Also don’t be afraid to ask a question during class. Raise your hand and ask, someone else may have a similar question, it will make the teachers life easier.
If you find yourself feeling stressed or overwhelmed, take a break. If you’re at home stand up and walk around, get a drink or something to snack on. Get some air. If you are in class ask to go to the bathroom or to get some water. If you cant leave the room then stretch your arms in front or above you and take some breaths. I found that if I couldn’t focus or was stressed that mindless doodling on a blank page for a bit helped.
There are many ways to study. Reading over notes/books, rewriting notes, condensing info onto flash cards, quizlet, or using memory tricks. Just find one that suits your life and try different ones out. Personally I like rewriting my notes when I have the time or I will condense my notes onto a flash card using an erasable pen. The ink erased with heat so I would have a candle on my desk and waved the card over it to erase. I would do this while writing the info over and over again until I memorized it.
If you are prone to leaving things around like I am, write your name, the class, the teacher, the period and the room of the class. If you have a water bottle or something not for a class just put your name and maybe a way to contact you.
I would highly recommend you have a bottle, just make sure it follows your schools policies.
When I say just in case I mean things like pain relief, allergy medicine, deodorant, maybe some cough drops, and if you have a period, some spare products. Just have things you may need.
do you have homework due tomorrow? do it
did you get any homework today? do it
did you get an assignment notification? break it into small chunks, schedule these chunks and make a start on it.
do you have an exam tomorrow? do some light revision. or if you’ve left it until the last, turn off your phone, put it in your desk drawer and revise until you’re done. make sure you get at least 4 hours of sleep if you’re cramming, 8 if you’re not.
do you have a quiz tomorrow? do some v light revision, and redo some homework problems or handouts on the topic.
how much tea/coffee/general caffeine have you had today? how much water have you had? switch your next coffee refill to water.
have you brushed your hair? tame that mane.
have you showered? have a warm shower right before you go to bed so you feel sleepy when you come out.
are your feet cold? put on socks.
are you working your hardest? push a little harder.
when was the last time you allocated relaxing time? pick a cutoff point for your work, whether it’s 9pm or 1am, and spend 15-30 minutes (depending on the time) to wind down by reading a book, talking to family or friends, taking a shower and generally doing whatever you want.
be kind
Studying for my finances exam. 💆🏻♀️
I don’t use a bujo but I’m going to use some of these ideas.
I’ve been using a bujo for a year now, and as a high school student, I was struggling to incorporate my bujo into my studies, aka organising my homework and stuff. Before starting a bullet journal I was using a day to day diary where I wrote down all my homework and exams. As I switched to the bujo, I was so happy to have this productivity-boosting tool, yet I couldn’t figure out how I could write down my school-related dates and assignments on my bujo, since it is not designed for long-term planning. So here are the tips I figured out through time (and a lot of studyblr scrolling hehe) on how to use a bujo as a student! Enjoy ^^
1. Have a Semester/trimester/year overview of your school/uni year
This is so far the best tip for long-term planning in your studies. With an overview of your school/uni weeks, it is very easy to jot down exam dates, deadlines, conferences and stuff.
It’s very useful when you are given, at the beginning of your school year, the planning of exams. You can easily jot down the dates and subjects of each exam in this calendar.
You can also add vacations, public holidays and weekends. I also like to highlight the days already gone so that at the end of the school year, I’ll feel the joy of highlighting the last day of school ^^
2. Weekly spreads and assignments columns
This is essential if you want to incorporate your bullet journal with study planning.
It consists of having one column of your page, the weekly assignments overview, dedicated to only writing homework, assignments and upcoming tests. The other part of your weekly spread consists of your usual daily logs. Here are some of my weekly spreads as an example (shoutout to @studypunked for the inspo)
As you can see in the pics, the left column is used solely for writing down my homework and tests.
I also like to add some decorations and pictures to give a bit of life to those weekly spreads.
I also added a month overview and a sleep log each week, but this is personal: you can become creative about how you want your weekly spreads to be.
I usually pre-do these weekly spreads for school weeks after a vacation so that if the teachers give an assignment due in a week or two, I already have the homework column of the due week prepared in advance. When I don’t have school (aka during vacations), I don’t make a weekly spread. I just do my dailies linearly.
3. Useful collections for school
I also like to have some pages of my bullet journal dedicated to other elements related to school:
Homework to do during the holidays:
My grade averages:
A spread dedicated to the list of things I had to do for UK uni application and school during last summer:
And so on… you can get creative and it also depends on your needs for school.
So here it is! This setup worked really well for my senior year and I will definitely continue to use it for university.
I hope this post was useful :)
Speaking as someone with both depression and anxiety, I know it can be easy to forget you have a life during exam week. SO, I have some tips on staying sane.
Don’t sacrifice your health. That means:
Drink plenty of water
Shower
Make sure you eat meals and snacks
Go outside, even for just a minute
Get some exercise
BREATHE
It’ll be ok. You can do this.