Medically Important Fungi

Microbial Genetics

Hi, everyone!! I’ve had a studyblr for about a week now and have already met so many kind, supportive people. I couldn’t be more thankful. That said, I really wanted to give back to such an amazing community! So here’s my first printable for you! 

It includes:

a 5AM-10PM schedule (for my early hustlers)

‘Top 3 Priorities’ + ‘Can Wait’ categories

a ‘To-Do’ list

Daily Goals, Notes, Doodles

a water tracker (stay hydrated, friends!)

10 Good Things (reflect back on your day and jot down the little things that made you happy even if your day wasn’t the greatest)

They’re available for download in PDF and PNG formats + in pink, blue, yellow, and white! I’ve also made a grid and grid-less version! 

Grid

Blue: pdf / png Pink: pdf / png White: pdf / png Yellow: pdf / png

No Grid

Blue: pdf / png Pink: pdf / png White: pdf / png Yellow: pdf / png

And here’s a link to the entire folder on my DropBox!

Please tag me with #arystudies or mention me if you use these!! I’d love to see them in action. :’) I’m also really curious to see what you all think of them, so please let me know!! 

Be sure to check out my monthly calendars too!

Happy studying!  

[17 Dec 2017] (i thought i’d posted but it’s not appearing? ):) so sorry for the lack of original posts all these months! school has been so tough & i’ve just completed my mid-sem assessments & it’s finally my break! can’t wait to unwind and catch up on my sleep ;-;

Antibodies (Human)

The ‘foot’ (bottom) of the antibody is known as the Fc fragment - binds to cells, binds to complement = effector function (kills or removes antigen)

The top (antigen binding) is the Fab fragment

Chains are held together with disulphide binds

Associated molecules allow intracellular signalling 

Normally 3X constant heavy chain domains per chain and a hinge region (except μ and ε which have 4 and no hinge region)

Classes of Immunoglobulins

The five primary classes of immunoglobulins are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE,  distinguished by the type of heavy chain found in the molecule. 

IgG - gamma-chains

IgMs - mu-chains

IgAs - alpha-chains

IgEs - epsilon-chains

IgDs - delta-chains.

Differences in heavy chain polypeptides allow different types of immune responses. The differences are found primarily in the Fc fragment. There are only two main types of light chains: kappa (κ) and lambda (λ), and any antibody can have any combination of these 2 (variation).

IgG 

monomer

Gamma chains

70-85% of Ig in human serum. 

secondary immune response 

only class that can cross the placenta - protection of the newborn during first 6 months of life

principle antibody used in immunological research and clinical diagnostics

21 day half life

Hinge region (allows it to make Y and T shapes - increasing chance of being able to bind to more than one site)

Fc strongly binds to Fcγ receptor on phagocyte - opsono-phagocytosis

Activates complement pathway

IgM

Serum = pentamer 

Primary immune responses - first Ig to be synthesised

complement fixing 

10% of serum Ig 

also expressed on the plasma membrane of B lymphocytes as a monomer - B cell antigen receptor

H chains each contain an additional hydrophobic domain for anchoring in the membrane

Monomers are bound together by disulfide bonds and a joining (J) chain.

Each of the five monomers = two light chains (either kappa or lambda) and two mu heavy chains.

heavy chain = one variable and four constant regions (no hinge region)

can cause cell agglutination as a result of recognition of epitopes on invading microorganisms. This antibody-antigen immune complex is then destroyed by complement fixation or receptor mediated endocytosis by macrophages.

In humans there are four subclasses of IgG: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. IgG1 and IgG3 activate complement.

IgD 

B cell receptor

<1% of blood serum Ig

has tail pieces that anchor it across B cell membrane

forms an antigen specific receptor on mature B cells - consequently has no known effector function (don’t kill antigens, purely a receptor) (IgM as a monomer can also do this)

IgE 

Extra rigid central domain

has the most carbohydrates

IgE primarily defends against parasitic invasion and is responsible for allergic reactions.

basophils and tissue mast cells express very high affinity Fc receptors for IgE - mast cells then release histamine

so high that almost all IgE is bound

sensitizes (activates) mucosal cells and tissues 

protects against helminth parasites

IgE’s main purpose is to protect against parasites but due to improved sanitation these are no longer a prevalent issue across most of the world. Consequently it is thought that they become over activated and over sensitive while looking for parasites and start reacting to eg pollen and causing allergies.

IgA

Exists in serum in both monomeric (IgA1) and dimeric (IgA2) forms (dimeric when 2 Fcs bind via secretory complex)

15% of the total serum Ig.

4-7 day half life

Secretory IgA2 (dimer) = primary defense against some local infections

Secreted as a dimer in mucous (e.g., saliva, tears)

prevents passage of foreign substances into the circulatory system

Isotype: class of antibody (IgD, IgM etc)

Allotype: person specific alleles 

Idiotype: (hyper) variable region - antibody specificity 

Leukocyes (WBCs) & Defence

A summary

Neutrophils -  non-specific defence against bacteria and fungi

Eosinophils -Defence against parasites; dampen allergic response

Basophils  - Anaphylactic & inflammation response

Monocytes - Mature into macrophages, engulf foreign substances;  remove aged RBCs and other debris

Lymphocyes - Recognise antigens, various roles

volutin granules are an intracytoplasmic storage form of complexed inorganic polyphosphate, the production of which is used as one of the identifying criteria when attempting to isolate Corynebacterium diphtheriae on Löffler’s medium….look like chines letters…as given below

This disease typically affects children because, well, kids are gross and have fewer inhibitions about sticking their poop hands in their mouth

Sketchy Medical on Enterobius vermicularis (via medschoolmanic)

Schematic of gram positive diplococci (Streptococcus pneumoniae): Note that the diplococci are lancet shaped