Black And White Checklist For Sketchy Micro

Cysteine Growth Requirements

MICROBIOLOGY MNEMONIC

BoyFriend Lost Penis

B rucella

F rancisella

L egionella

P asteurella

or….

The four sisters “Ella” worship in the “cystein” chapel

Brucella

Francisella

Legionella

Pasteurella

[17 Dec 2017] (i thought i’d posted but it’s not appearing? ):) so sorry for the lack of original posts all these months! school has been so tough & i’ve just completed my mid-sem assessments & it’s finally my break! can’t wait to unwind and catch up on my sleep ;-;

I need tips on taking textbook notes please! I always get bored reading and then I end up just writing down bolded words with no context (which is really bad I know) any tips to help take more efficient textbook notes without having to spend hours (because I have 3 content heavy classes that I need to take notes for)

Hi there! I know this post may feel basic, but I feel like you’re struggling with basic skills like summarising a topic and writing things in your own words, so I tried my best to explain things in a step-by-step action-oriented list so that you can stand on your own ‘feet’ when you’re studying :)

The Basics of Studying From a Textbook

1. The textbook may be boring, but you’ve still got to read it. 

Unfortunately, high school and university isn’t a walk in the park :( I know, some days it’s hard, but you’ve still got to put in at least a modicum of hard work if you want to do well. 

Sometimes, the studyblr community perpetuates the idea that there’s some sort of “secret” to being a straight-As, 4.0GPA, HD WAM student, but there’s only studying techniques to make things easier. You’re still going to need a basic level of motivation, discipline, time management, organisation and study in order to do well. 

So even though the textbook is boring, you’re either going to have to convince yourself that the topic is interesting, or pull up your socks, buckle down, and actually read it. 

2. Reading speed is a limiting factor on how fast you can take notes. 

Try reading the textbook without taking any notes and time how long it takes you. That’s going to be the minimum time it takes, so if doing all the reading for 3 content heavy courses takes at least an hour or two, then reading and taking notes is going to be much more than that (roughly more than double the time), so you can’t speed it up any faster than your base reading speed. 

I recommend trying speed reading techniques, but that would take a whole separate post, so I won’t go into that here. 

3. Learn how to summarise a topic. 

At the moment it seems like you’re struggling and not really understanding how to summarise topics, and just relying on the textbook to tell you what’s important. 

To summarise something, you’ll need to write down the key points (the most important information) from something that you read in the fewest number of words reasonable. I’m sure you already knew that, but you must not be putting it into practice because of what you’re telling me in your ask. 

4. Write things in your own words. 

Again, once you learn how to summarise, writing it in your own words will solidify that information in your brain. Explain the topic in layman’s terms to a family member, which forces you to use your own words. If you live alone, try a stuffed toy or rubber duck. 

5. Start off by annotating your class notes. 

I think initially you should start off with annotating just until you learn what information is important and what’s not. Class notes usually have 80% of the important information in brief points, and the textbook colours in the rest. 

6. Use the “gummy bears” method. 

I know it’s elementary, but you seemed to be having trouble with discipline and boredom, so place gummy bears on every paragraph as a crutch to get yourself to finish reading everything. Once you train yourself to do things that you don’t want to do, then you won’t have to use any cheap tricks, as you’ll be disciplined enough to read pages and pages without needing constant “carrot on a stick” rewards. 

Once you’ve done those, here are my masterposts for content heavy courses:

Studying Content Heavy Courses

Use my Unique Automated Study Planner Printable which uses spaced repetition to make you remember more strategically!

Content Heavy Courses Study Guide - biology used as an example

Self Studying Advice - when you have to study a lot by yourself

Staying Productive No Matter How Much Time You Have

The Blank Paper Method - for rote learning lots of information

Part 11 Adapting to Uni Study - university basically mandates studying a large amount of info in a short period, so you’ll find this post useful for balancing 6 heavy courses!

Part 12 How to Study From Textbooks in Uni

Hope that helps!!

Follow optomstudies for daily original posts and study masterposts! Links: all originals + langblr posts + 15-part college 101 series + web directory!

hey! could you do a study tips post on studying w friends who aren't doing the same subjects? like, how to make good flashcards/questions and answers etc so they can quiz you and give you hints etc even if they don't know the content?

How to Effectively Study with Friends

Using Flash Cards

Oh easy peasy! Simply write examination style questions on your flashcards - that way when your friends read the questions out to you, you’ll be testing yourself in a way that might show up on the easier exam questions. Reason being that in order to cover all the topics, your questions will tend to be somewhat simple e.g. describe the different components of x, explaining how they related to y. Obviously, flash cards aren’t the best way to study more complex interrelationships between ideas/concepts, which should be explored more in a mind map fashion. For tips on mind maps, you can check out my briefing here. 

Using Your Existing Study Notes

Other than flash cards, if you intend to study in groups for most subjects, one of the best ways to do that is to use the Cornell Notetaking System (which you can read about with my personal tips here). Writing the questions out as you study saves you the trouble of writing out questions for your friends to test you on, and as well as that, means you can test yourself almost as well without them for any times when you’re studying solitary. 

Using Essay or Long Response Questions

For long response essays, it’s better to use principles like the rubber duck method, i.e. explaining how concepts relate to each other as if the other person doesn’t know anything about it. So give your friends a list of essay questions and explain part by part in a logical sequential order how you would answer that question e.g. I would talk about the involvement of person A in event B, and explain their impact through examples C, D and E, etc. 

Choosing the Right Study Group 

Most of all, make sure you rally and encourage each other. Work with people who are like-minded, rotate between each other and have someone who will keep the others on task when you start getting too carried away when studying. Having a goal on what you intend to get finished during a group study session will make sure you always get more out of the session than studying alone!

Hope that helps! ^_^

40 Study Tips & Tricks

I thought to write down the “script” to one of my most viewed videos, with 40 study tips & tricks. It’s easier to read them and pass on the word!

Organization Tips:

1. Incorporate homework and classes in you daily planner – that will give you an overall glimpse of how your week will be about and how much time you need to spend in your studying sessions!

2. Color coordinate classes – be it notes, your planner, your textbooks or binders, pick a unique color for each class and work around the hues of that color to get more organized!

3. Make your own syllabus – if your professor doesn’t provide a syllabus for your class, try to make one before the school year working around your given textbooks or other given material.

4. Make study guides – make a study guide from your syllabus and draw before each topic two boxes: one for a midtest and one for the final test. When you have one of these tests, check the boxes when you’ve finished studying the chapter so you won’t miss anything!

5. Reference your material throughout – most of the times, we students work with in-class notes, textbooks and a syllabus. Since we get small bits of information here and there it’s important to reference every page throughout all your material so you can quickly access your information without having to flip endlessly through pages!

6. Keep a dashboard nearby – Whenever you use a notebook or a binder, make a dashboard on the first page with post it notes so you can quickly scribble any questions, homework or page numbers. When you get home, you just need to open your dashboard and attend those notes.

7. Print any tests, exercises and exams you can find – keep those in the end of your binder. These are perfect to practice before exams and tests because they really reflect what you will be tested about. Set an alarm clock for the deadline and start working on those!

8. Condense – organization disappears when you have too many of everything. Working with more than one planner in your life will make everything chaotic. If you think you need a second planner because you don’t have enough space to write in the first one, it’s because you don’t have available time as well. Don’t fool yourself and set achievable goals!

9. Customize your textbooks – most of the times, textbooks are formal books where information is hard to come by. Make your own tabs and write every chapter on them so they stick out – flag any charts, tables or graphics. Everything needs to be incredibly accessible!

10 Print a special planning sheet before finals: Organizing your studying by chapters and/or topics before finals is tremendously important since it lets you organize the amount of time you dedicate to each subject,

Study Sessions and Time Management

11. Save at least one afternoon or one morning a week for intensive studying. These is your “life-saver” – when you get so full of homework and projects that you can’t incorporate them into your daily academic routine, one free afternoon to organize your school life will really come in handy! Make an appointment with yourself!

12. Prepare in advance – although most professors may not ask you to prepare a class in advance, if you have the means to, go ahead. Grab a sheet and make a summary of the chapter your class will be about. Write the major topics and key information and take that guide to class. When your professor repeats previously studied information, you will be able to understand everything much better!

13. Never leave something behind – Even if you have a more light class, where professors don’t request homework or any side projects, don’t let that fool you! Be disciplined and be your own professors! Make your own projects and learn everything you can so you can nail those finals when they arrive.

14. Write your questions – most of the time, in a heavy study session, we come up with tons of questions and sometimes we just leave them behind. Write them down in your dashboard or a small notebook and ask your professors (personally or via e-mail). You can also ask your schoolmates in a facebook group created for that purpose!

15. Set an alarm clock and reward yourself – even if you study during an entire afternoon your studying will be pointless if you don’t take regular breaks. Set an alarm clock for one hour/one hour and a half and then take a 15 minute break. Never study for more than 2 hours straight! Even if you don’t notice, you’ll get less and less focused.

16. . Make a list – before each study session I like to grab my notepad and write down everything that I need to do before my session ends: the chapters I need to read, the pages I need to go through and the homework I need to complete. Sometimes I even write theses lists when I’m in college so I’ll have more determination to complete those tasks once I get home.

17 Work on the least interesting thing first. There are always classes or projects that we like the least – and those are the ones that we need to tackle first. You will start your studying session concentrated, which will let you go through the worst tasks faster.

18 Print, print, print. try to print everything you can and never study from your computer. Having your PDF files printed at hand will let you concentrate better, highlight and write some notes in the margins. You can take these everywhere with you and even turn them into small guides for future classes!

19. If you finish ahead, don’t quit. Perhaps the time you’ve saved for your study session has come to an end way before you have planned. That doesn’t mean you should stop right now – Take that time to review what you’ve learned so far or prepare other classes ahead of time!

20. Study in an organized space – make your own studying corner – bring everything you will need, from textbooks, binders and notebooks, to a cup of coffee and your computer. Keep them neatily organized on your desk so everything is at hand and on sight. Put on some soft background music (links down below) and adjust the lightning.

In class notes

21. If your professor provides PowerPoint slides before each class, print them (six or four per page) and bring them to class. Write in the margins and more throughout information in the back so it’s all condensed and tight. This is where you’ll take your notes. If you prefer to write on lined paper, think about copying some ruled paper to the back of your printed slides.

22. If your professor asks you to prepare your class in advance, try to make a small guide for each class. Open the comments column in MSWord and print the pages with that column. When you go to class, incorporate the in-class notes in that column, next to the relevant information so everything is nice and condensed.

23 If you are in a information-heavy class, try to adopt the Cornell method, which is the best, in my opinion, when you need to be a fast writer. There’s a video right here on how to use this method.

24. If you are in a bits-and-pieces class, which is that kind of class where the professor just gives a few key points and then gives practical examples or makes you work in group, try to adopt the box method – you can draw these boxes yourself or make them with post it notes – these are way more visual and perfect to memorize information.

25. Write in-class flashcards – if you don’t have flashcards around, make tiny flashcards on the top of your notes, where you cover the definitions you’ve written with the name of the definition. Each time you open your notes, try to remember the hidden definition. Automatic studying, every time!

26. Participate in class – nothing better than to be actively involved in your class discussion. For most of us, shy creatures, participating can be dreadful – but once you get out of your box, you’ll see how participating really makes you understand the subject!

27. If you have any questions during class, raise your hand and ask them. If your professor doesn’t like being interrupted, write them down and approach them in the end of the class. Sometimes, the little things we don’t understand are exactly the ones that come up on the final exam!

28. Ask for examples. Examples are probably the thing that makes your brain connect the information faster. If your professor isn’t keen on providing examples, suggest your own and see if your answer comes up right. Sometimes, examples are the thing that really makes us understand our material and our definitions, since they transform formal information into relatable events.

29. Sit at the front. It sounds too straightforward but sitting at the front really makes wonders. You won’t get distracted by what you classmates are doing, you will focus on the professor, who is right in front of you and you will resist the temptation of going to Facebook and Instagram during a boring presentation.

30. Write a brief summary at the end of the class. During those five minutes where everyone is dismissed and leaving the room, write a brief summary of that classes’ key points in the back of a page – this is fundamental in the Cornell method but can be used in any other method as well.

Finals Guide

31 Skim through your material two times: at first, you should start by studying your material starting from the end. The last lessons will be fresh in your memory and it’s very important to reinforce your knowledge on these while you can. In the second reading, you should start from the beginning, as usual. It’s important to make these two readings so you can go through the information in a much more flexible way.

 32. Make a mindmap of each chapter. A mindmap is a chart that relates key words and important information, making it easy to understand the relationship and hierarchy between such key words. Use colors and images to memorize your material better. Oh, and don’t forget to check out my video on how to make mindmaps!

33. Read each of the titles and try to say out loud its contents, explaining each concept and the relationship between them. Imagine you are the teacher and are lecturing that subject to a crowd. If you skip any of the subjects, do it all over again. The more you repeat, the better you will memorize.

34. It’s time for some flash cards!  Write the topic or the title on one side and the meaning or the explanation on the other. Try to cover as many topics or titles as you can and go through your cards while memorizing as best as you can each of the concepts. Try to do it backwards if you have time to do so!

35. On the day before the exam, skim through your mindmaps and flash cards again and always try to study while talking. Saying your content out loud will force your brain to relate information in a much more cohesive way and you’ll memorize everything much better.

36. Read the entire exam from top to bottom. Underline or circle any important words that you think will be crucial in you answer. After that, calculate how much time you should spend answering each question: this simple calculation will take only twenty seconds and will help you organize your time. Try to save five minutes at the end for revisions.

37. If you are solving a written exam and not multiple choice, try as much as possible to organize each answer in a structured way, saving two lines just to present your line of thought and writing each different argument in a different paragraph. Draft a conclusion at the end to underline the centre of your answer. Sometimes softly underlining some keywords is important to make your professor notice that you’ve correctly given importance to certain concepts.

38. Use these symbols for each question: one dot if you aren’t sure of the answer, two dots if you are sure of your answer and a circle if you are completely unaware of your answer. Start by answering any question with two dots; after those are all answered, go on through the two dots question. Leave the circle questions to the end – and ALWAYS answer them! Even if you don’t know what they’re about, who knows if you will be able to come up with something right?

39. Review your test one final time – many times, we make a lot of mistakes under stress and now is when you should spot them and amend them. This can be the difference between a B and an A!

40. Don’t take this too seriously – school is an important aspect of our lives but it isn’t everything. Failure comes many times and these failures can even drive you away from something that was simply not meant to be. Don’t stress out because everyone goes through the same!

My assistant

Nocardia

Gram+, aerobic, non-spore forming, non- motile, branching filamentous rod.

Partially acid fast

Immunocompromised pts, cancer pts.

DISEASES

Cavitary broncopulmonary Nocardiosis: > N. asteroides, fever, cough, dyspnea, localized or diffuse pneumonia (symptoms very similar to TBC) If spreads hematogenously => multiple brain abscesses.

Cutaneous, subcutaneous Nocardiosis: > N. brasiliensis,cellulitis => subcutaneous draining abscess with granules (mycetoma)

Antibodies (Human)

The ‘foot’ (bottom) of the antibody is known as the Fc fragment - binds to cells, binds to complement = effector function (kills or removes antigen)

The top (antigen binding) is the Fab fragment

Chains are held together with disulphide binds

Associated molecules allow intracellular signalling 

Normally 3X constant heavy chain domains per chain and a hinge region (except μ and ε which have 4 and no hinge region)

Classes of Immunoglobulins

The five primary classes of immunoglobulins are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE,  distinguished by the type of heavy chain found in the molecule. 

IgG - gamma-chains

IgMs - mu-chains

IgAs - alpha-chains

IgEs - epsilon-chains

IgDs - delta-chains.

Differences in heavy chain polypeptides allow different types of immune responses. The differences are found primarily in the Fc fragment. There are only two main types of light chains: kappa (κ) and lambda (λ), and any antibody can have any combination of these 2 (variation).

IgG 

monomer

Gamma chains

70-85% of Ig in human serum. 

secondary immune response 

only class that can cross the placenta - protection of the newborn during first 6 months of life

principle antibody used in immunological research and clinical diagnostics

21 day half life

Hinge region (allows it to make Y and T shapes - increasing chance of being able to bind to more than one site)

Fc strongly binds to Fcγ receptor on phagocyte - opsono-phagocytosis

Activates complement pathway

IgM

Serum = pentamer 

Primary immune responses - first Ig to be synthesised

complement fixing 

10% of serum Ig 

also expressed on the plasma membrane of B lymphocytes as a monomer - B cell antigen receptor

H chains each contain an additional hydrophobic domain for anchoring in the membrane

Monomers are bound together by disulfide bonds and a joining (J) chain.

Each of the five monomers = two light chains (either kappa or lambda) and two mu heavy chains.

heavy chain = one variable and four constant regions (no hinge region)

can cause cell agglutination as a result of recognition of epitopes on invading microorganisms. This antibody-antigen immune complex is then destroyed by complement fixation or receptor mediated endocytosis by macrophages.

In humans there are four subclasses of IgG: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. IgG1 and IgG3 activate complement.

IgD 

B cell receptor

<1% of blood serum Ig

has tail pieces that anchor it across B cell membrane

forms an antigen specific receptor on mature B cells - consequently has no known effector function (don’t kill antigens, purely a receptor) (IgM as a monomer can also do this)

IgE 

Extra rigid central domain

has the most carbohydrates

IgE primarily defends against parasitic invasion and is responsible for allergic reactions.

basophils and tissue mast cells express very high affinity Fc receptors for IgE - mast cells then release histamine

so high that almost all IgE is bound

sensitizes (activates) mucosal cells and tissues 

protects against helminth parasites

IgE’s main purpose is to protect against parasites but due to improved sanitation these are no longer a prevalent issue across most of the world. Consequently it is thought that they become over activated and over sensitive while looking for parasites and start reacting to eg pollen and causing allergies.

IgA

Exists in serum in both monomeric (IgA1) and dimeric (IgA2) forms (dimeric when 2 Fcs bind via secretory complex)

15% of the total serum Ig.

4-7 day half life

Secretory IgA2 (dimer) = primary defense against some local infections

Secreted as a dimer in mucous (e.g., saliva, tears)

prevents passage of foreign substances into the circulatory system

Isotype: class of antibody (IgD, IgM etc)

Allotype: person specific alleles 

Idiotype: (hyper) variable region - antibody specificity 

Rx Mnemonics

A nthrax = ACiD

Ci profloxacin

D oxycycline

Tr ichinellosis = TrAM

A lbendazole

M ebendazole

C utaneous Larva Migrans = CIA

I vermectin

A lbendazole

Le ptospirosis = LeAD

A moxicillin

D oxycycline

B rucellosis = BaRDS

Ba ctrim

R ifampicin

D oxycycline

S treptomycin

Ra t Bite Fever = RaPT

P enicillin

T etracycline

Ca t Scratch Disease = CaRAz

R ifampin

Az ithromycin

Ba besiosis = BAAz

A tovaquone

Az ithromycin