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Anaerobic ABC

A ctinomyces

B acteroides

C lostridium

Immuno

Flashcards  with quizlet!

For more: instagram: https://www.instagram.com/studydiaryofamedstudent/

how am i always so behind in my work ??

(i do know the answer to this, it’s called procrastination lmao)

Medically Important Bacteria: Clasification

Yesterday’s notes featuring actual winter sunshine!!

Some general resources:

Chemistry Glossary

Chemistry Exam Survival Guide

Toolbox – interactive graphing, tables, and calculators

Make virtual chemistry models

Interactive periodic table

Another site for making virtual chemistry models

Virtual labs – covers stoichiometry, thermochemistry, eq1uilibrium, acid base chemistry, solubility, oxidation/reduction and electrochemistry, analytical chemistry/lab techniques

Concept tests

Chemistry Science Fair Project Ideas

OChem Reaction Bank

Interactive chem simulations

Chemical calculations

The Chem Blog

Molecule of the day

Free chemistry drawing software

Laboratory Safety - Laboratory safety for the chemistry classroom

Periodic Table of Videos - Brady Haran

On this day in chemistry… - a history of chemistry

The faces of chemistry

Experimentation hub -  explore and enjoy our experiments to increase engagement in scientific investigation, develop new skills and enhance your knowledge.

Understanding journals - including reading articles, referencing, and example articles.

Resources for specific topics:

Stochiometry – the mole, molarity and density, reaction stoichiometry and limiting reagents, empirical formula and mixtures, gravimetric analysis

Themochemistry – energy and enthalpy, entropy

Kinetics – phenomenological and mechanistic kinetics

Equilibrium – LeChatlier’s principle, progress of reaction, equilibrium calculations, common ion effect

Acid base chemistry – strong acid and bases, weak acids and bases, buffer solutions, acid/base titrations

Solubility – solubility product, solubility and PH, common ion effect

Oxidation/Reduction and Electrochemistry – standard reduction potentials, galvanic cells

Analytical chemistry/ Lab techniques – reaction stoichiometry and limiting reagents, acid/base titrations, redox titrations, gravimetric analysis, UC/Vis spectroscopy

Physical chemistry – quantum mechanics, spectroscopy

Properties of solutions – intermolecular forces, colligative properties

Textbooks:

Chemistry Virtual Textbooks, Stephen Lower

Organic Chemistry, Tim Soderberg

Organic Chemistry I, George Mhehe

Environmental Chemistry, Dejene Tessema

Virtual Organic Chemistry

Industrial Chemistry, Helen Njenga

Inorganic Chemistry, Chrispin Kowenje

Physical Chemistry I, Onesmus Munyaki

General Chemistry, Principles, Patterns and Applications

Chemistry Books - a variety of chemistry textbooks

Chemistry Tutorials/Guides:

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Chemical reactions and stoichiometry

Electronic structure of atoms

Periodic table

Chemical bonds

Gases and kinetic molecular theory

State of matter and intermolecular forces

Chemical equilibrium

Acids and bases

Acid base equilibria and solubility equilibria

Thermodynamics

Redox reactions and electrochemistry

Kinetics

Nuclear chemistry

Organic Chemistry Tutorials/Guidelines:

Structure and bonding

Dot structures

Hybridization

Bond-line structures

Electronegativity

Resonance and acid base chemistry

Counting electrons

Resonance structures

Organic acid-base chemistry

Alkanes, cycloalkanes and functional groups

Naming alkanes

Naming alkanes, cycloalkanes, and bicyclic compounds

Conformations of alkanes

Conformations of cycloalkanes

Functional groups

Stereochemistry

Chirality

Enantiomers

Stereoisomeric relationships

Subsituation and elimination reactions

Free radical reaction

Sn1 vs Sn2

Nucleophilicity and basicity

Elimination reactions

Sn1/Sn2/E1/E2

Sn1 and Sn2

Alkenes and alkynes

Naming alkenes

Alkene reactions

Alkene nomenclature

Alkene reactions

Naming and preparing alkynes

Alkyne reactions

Alcohols, ethers, epoxides, sulphides

Alcohol nomenclature and properties

Synthesis of alcohols

Reactions of alcohols

Nomenclature and properties of ethers

Synthesis and cleavage of ethers

Nomenclature and preparation of epoxides

Conjugation, Diels-Alder, and MO theory

Addition reactions of conjugated dienes

Diels-Alder reaction

Molecular orbital theory

Aromatic compounds

Naming benzene derivatives

Reactions of benzene

Aromatic stability

Electrophilic aromatic substitution

Directing effects

Other reactions and synthesis

Aldehydes and ketones

Introduction to aldehydes and ketones

Reactions of aldehydes and ketones

Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Naming carboxylic acids

Formation of carboxylic acid derivatives

Nomenclature and reactions of carboxylic acids

Nomenclature and reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives

Alpha carbon chemistry

Formation of enolate anions

Aldol condensations

Amines

Naming amines

Spectroscopy

Infrared Spectroscopy

UV/Vis Spectroscopy

proton NMR

Careers:

A future in Chemistry

What can I do with my chemistry degree?

Chemistry Careers - American Chemical Society

What to do with a degree in chemistry - The Guardian

Antimicrobial Agents - Inhibition of DNA and Protein Synthesis

Bacterial chromosome replication

DNA replication

Bacterial Topoisomerases 

maintain DNA in appropriate state of supercoiling 

cut and reseal DNA

DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) introduces negative supercoils 

Topoisomerase IV decatenates circular chromosomes 

these are the targets of the quinolone antibacterial agents 

Quinolones

bind to bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV after DNA strand breakage 

prevent resealing of DNA 

disrupt DNA replication and repair 

bactericidal (kill bacteria)

Fluoroquinolone is particularly useful against

Gram +ves: Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci 

Gram -ves: Enterobacteriacea; Pseudomonas aeruginosa 

Anaerobes: e.g. Bacteroides fragilis 

many applications e.g. UTIs, prostatitis, gastroenteritis, STIs 

Adverse effects

Relatively well tolerated

GI upset in ~ 5% of patients 

allergic reactions (rash, photosensitivity) in 1 - 2% of patients 

Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis 

Macrolides 

in 1952: Erythromycin was isolated as the first macrolide (Streptomyces erythreus) 

Newer macrolides: clarithromycin, azithromycin 

Structurally they consist of a lactone ring (14- to 16-membered) + two attached deoxy sugars 

Mode of action 

bind reversibly to bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit 

causes growing peptide chain to dissociate from ribosome → inhibiting protein synthesis 

bacteriostatic (stops reproduction)

Macrolides’ spectrum of activity

good antistaphylococcal and antistreptococcal activity 

treatment of respiratory & soft tissue infections and sensitive intracellular pathogens • e.g. Chlamydia, Legionella 

Adverse effects

Generally well tolerated

nausea 

vomiting 

diarrhoea 

rash 

Aminoglycosides

large family of antibiotics produced by various species of Streptomyces (“mycin”) and Micromonospora (“micin”) 

include: streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicins, tobramycin 

Structure = linked ring system composed of aminosugars and an aminosubstituted cyclic polyalcohol 

Mode of action of aminoglycosides

Bind irreversibly to 30S ribosomal subunit 

disrupt elongation of nascent peptide chain 

translational inaccuracy → defective proteins 

bactericidal 

Spectrum of activity 

broad spectrum; mainly aerobic G-ve bacilli (e.g. P. aeruginosa) 

used to treat serious nosocomial infections (hospital acquired infections)

First TB antibiotic

Used for cystic fibrosis 

Adverse effects

all aminoglycosides have low Therapeutic Index (only a small amount needed to become toxic)

renal damage, ototoxicity, loss of balance, nausea 

Sooo I’m studying microbiology 2:28 am because I’m a desperate bitch Microbiology + immunology = total final grade I got a 10 in my immunology test so I’m PRAYING for a 10 in microbiology so I can get a bIG BeauTiFul 10 on my final